Long and slender components such as rods, beams, supports etc. may end up in indifferent or unstable equilibrium states and buckle if they are exposed to a force along the rod axis under compressive stress. The mathematician and physicist Leonhard Euler defined four typical buckling cases to calculate the buckling force in rods.

Determination of the buckling load under different conditions.

Verification of the Euler theory of buckling: influence of material, cross-section, length, and support.